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The spacial theory of relativity proposed by Einstein in 1905 called for a review of all concepts of classical physics and primarily the concepts of time and space. Therefore, this theory, in accordance with its basic contents, can be referred to as a physical study of time and space. the study is called physical because the properties of space and time are analyzed in this theory in close in close connection with the laws governing physical phenomena. the term “special” implies that this theory considers phenomena only in inertial reference frames. <style type="text/css"></style>IIT JAM Physics
We shall begin this section with a brief review of pre-relativistic physics, dwelling in particular on the problems that led to the appearance of the theory of relatively.

Basic notions of per relativistic physics: First,we shall recall those notions of space and time that are associated with Newton’s laws i.e. that underlie classical mechanics.
(a) Space, which has three dimensions, obeys Euclidean geometry. <style type="text/css"></style>iit jam physics Classroom
(b) Together with three-dimensional space and independent of it, there exists time. Time is independent in the same sense that the three dime sions are independent of each other. But for all that, time relates to space through the laws of motion. Specifically, time is measured by a clock, which is basically an instrument utilizing one or another periodic process providing a time scale. Therefore, it is impossible to determine time irrespective of some periodic process, i.e. irrespective of motion. <style type="text/css"></style>iit jam physics coaching in india
(c) Dimension of solid bodies (scales) and time intervals between given events are identical in different reference frames. This corresponds to the Newtonian concept of absolute space and time, according to which their properties are assumed to be independent of the reference frame, that is, space and time are the same for all reference frames.
(d) The Galieo-Newton law of inertia is assumed to be valid, according to which a body experiencing no influence from other bodies moves rectilinear and uniformly. This law maintains the existence of inertial reference frames in which Newton’s laws hold true (as well as the Galilean principle of relativity). Iit jam Physics classes

(e) From the above notions the Galilean transformation follows, expression the space-time relation of the event in different inertial reference frames. If the reference frame ‘S’ moves relative to the S frame with the velocity V and the zero time reading corresponds to the moment when the origins O and O’ of the two frames coincide, then


From this it follows that the coordinates of any event are relative, i.e. have different values in different reference frames; the moment of time at which an event occurs is however the same in different frames. This testifies to the fact that time flows identically in different reference frames. That seemed
to be so obvious that it was not even stated as a special postulate.
From equation (1) the classical law of velocity transformation (composition) follows immediately.

Where v’ and v are the velocities of a point (particle) in the S’ and S frames respectively.
Hereafter, we shall limit ourselves to only two spatial coordinates x and y. The z coordinate behaves as y in all respects.
(f) The Galilean principle of relatively holds; all inertial reference frames are equivalent in terms mechanics, all laws of mechanics are identical in these reference frames, or, in other words, are invariant relative to the Galilean transformations.
(g) The principle of long-range action is valid: interactions between bodies propagate instantaneously, i.e. with an infinitely high velocity. 

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