Glycan analysis and glycosyltransferases Profiling Enzymes

Glycan is important in the process of protein drug development. The structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics is mainly focused on spectrometry compatible separation methods. The Glycan Analysis approaches include reverse-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Highlights of Glycan Analysis The different level of Glycan Analysis include released Glycan, glycopeptides, glycoprotein and intact glycoprotein are reviewed. Glycosylation influences the security and efficacy of protein therapeutics. An overview of separation methods of Glycans include HILIC, RRLC, CE, PGC, are hyphened with MS Glycosylation influence the protein therapeutics for stringent Glycan analysis. Glycosyltransferases profiling Glycosyltransferases are responsible for the processing, assembly, and turnover of Glycans. By adding acetyl, methyl, phosphate, sulfate, and other groups, there are some transferases is performed by Glycans. The glycosyltransferases initiate the synthesis of glycol conjugates and use the substrate that includes lipids, DNA, small molecules, monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and polypeptides. The vast majority of these glycosyltransferases is completely responsible for elongating Glycan chains. Biosynthesis of Glycans The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis process of Glycans are glycosidases; this removes the substrate called monosaccharide to form intermediates. These intermediates are used to act on Glycosyltransferases. This complete process is especially relevant in the formation of N-Glycans. In N-glycans the nascent glycoprotein Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-Asn is specifically trimmed by glycosidase and mannosidase by glycosyltransferases to form a complex hybrid chain. Glycosidase removes monosaccharide to form intermediate by the reaction with glycosyltransferases will also be involved in the biosynthesis of Glycans. The other glycosidase is involved in the degradation process. General properties of Glycans and Glycosyltransferases The biosynthesis of Glycans is assembled in monosaccharide moieties of glycosyltransferases. The complex array of Glycan structure occurs normally, the glycosyltransferases constitute a family of enzymes. In the biosynthesis of glycosyltransferases the donor substrate linked to the acceptor substrate and few time to the oligosaccharide. Here the lipid-linked sugar served as a donor substrate for glycosyltransferases. These involve the formation of peptide Glycan. The other glycosidase is utilized in the degradation of Glycans like lysosomes. Enzymes that elongate Glycan In a few cases, the catalyze group transfer monosaccharide moiety of sugar donor substrate will be transferred to the acceptor substrate. In some other case, the donor substrate contains lipid moiety will directly link to mannose or glucose. The enzymes are responsible for the elongating of Glycan. The catalyzes of Glycan moiety of acceptor substrates transfer sugar to a lipid acceptor. The enzymes that elongate Glycan chain act substantially to yield a preferred acceptor substrate. This results in a linear and branched structure composed of monosaccharide Glycan chain. Analytical Characterization of Glycosylation The potential changes in linkage, pattern, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide composition lead to the different possible Glycan structures. Among this many have similar physicochemical properties. In the protein characterization method, the use of LC-MS is used for Glycan Analysis. In the analytical process, the isomers G1F and G1’F have identical mass will be combined with the high-resolution mass of Man5, G0FB which has similar retention of HILIC to provide a deeper analytical characterization of glycosylation of protein structure analysis with increased chain structure. Glycosyltransferases recognize protein Moiety The glycosyltransferases transfer sugar directly to the polypeptide chain of protein that recognizes their acceptor substrate in numerous ways. The ER-resident transfers the N-Glycan precursor Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 to asparagines residue in the sequence of Asn-X-Ser/Thr. In Contrast, the polypeptide Ga1NAc transport to Golgi. Even it doesn’t recognize specific sequence but some iso-form specificity has been identified. In this way, the typical structured of Glycan can be synthesized. The glycosyltransferases recognize the polypeptide moiety of their acceptor substrates in the Glycan. But here, the modification of N-Glycan purely depends on the presence of protein sequence motif Pro-X-Arg/Lys. The motif is usually added to the charged residues. Glycan Structure Assessment The Glycan structure assessment is demanding according to its pattern and structure of monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, lipid, and small molecule substances. The Glycan substantially release the terminal monosaccharide that is been trimmed by Glycan in Glycan analysis. The structure of originating Glycan is purely depended on the shift in sugar units, acceptor and donor substrates, and its migration time. The approaches possess effects for new Glycan analysis with lengthy procedure with pure enzymes. Glycosyltransferases sequence family and fold types In the analysis process, approximately 1% of genes in mammalian will be involved in the production of Glycans. Almost 2 million glycosyltransferases sequences are known across all kingdoms and hence 97 glycosyltransferases families are defined as a primary sequence. The sequence elements are typically found among glycosyltransferases with good donor substrate. Despite the huge number of glycosyltransferases, families have been defined; the structural Glycan analysis poses a limited number of fold types. The structure for 41 members of 97 families of glycosyltransferases has been determined and possesses a term GT-A or GT-B folds. The GT-A fold forms a structure similar to a Rossman fold and GT-B structure form two distinct domains.