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Throughout the history of civilization humanity has faced multiple catastrophes and disasters that took millions of lives. From tsunamis and volcanoes to wars and genocide, human history knows a great number of heart-breaking examples that affected the development of civilization drastically. Perhaps one of the most tragic calamities we had to go through was the pandemic of the Black Death, the plague outbreak in Europe. There are several types of such disease as plague and the best known is the bubonic plague that started in 1347. The bubonic plague of the fourteenth century was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history that killed millions of people. Just in three years almost 50% of the population in Europe was destroyed by this catastrophic disease. It is hard to remember another global disaster of such scope; Black Death took around one hundred million lives, marching through European cities.
The causes of bubonic plague of the 14th century had remained unknown for many years. People in southern Europe just became ill, having seizures, fever, swollen lymph glands, blood vomiting, and chills. Lymph gland swelling was called buboes, hence the term bubonic. The most apparent symptom, however, was gangrene of fingers, toes, or nose tips, a flesh necrosis that colored skin black. Probably this symptom along with the high lethality of this disease (about 95%) gave the bubonic plague the name Black Death. The actual cause of this illness was only found five hundred years later, at the beginning of the 19th century.
Bubonic plague is a disease that is spread by insects, mainly fleas. The bacterial infection that triggers the plague is called Yersinia pestis; it is capable of killing a human within a few days after exposure to the bacteria. The symptoms of the bubonic plague appear suddenly, and the treatment must be provided within 24 hours in order to prevent death. Although the plague is successfully treated today and outbreaks of this disease are rare and have a pointed character, back in the day it was a dreadful experience that humanity will not forget for a long time.
The spread of the bubonic plague was conditioned by several important factors. At the beginning of the 14th century people were moving from small villages to newly formed bigger towns. The increased travelling for trading purposes resulted in the disease spreading rapidly. As the trade routes provided access to every more or less populated area, the plague quickly spread throughout the world. Originating in the Gobi Desert, the black plague followed the sea trade routes and, accompanied by the black rats, reached Crimea by 1346. This was the beginning of the plague's devastation of Europe.
The examples of the destroyed cities are widely presented in the historical research on this topic. For instance, one of the greatest cities of that time, Constantinople, was completely devastated by the plague within 12 months. When the illness moved to Alexandria in 1347, a thousand people died every day in that city alone. The next victim of the plague, Cairo, experienced even more severe devastation; more than 7500 people died every day there. The list of ruined towns and cities can be extended, showing even more dreadful consequences of the pandemic. With such high mortality rates, it is not surprising that complete depopulation was not uncommon among European settlements.
The question of why the plague was so devastating is not hard to answer. The high speed of its spread was conditioned by several reasons. First of all, the main infection carriers, fleas and rats, were numerous and could penetrate almost everywhere. It was hard to fight such an omnipresent and uncontrollable threat. The second major reason was the living conditions of that time. The cities were cramped; the streets were narrow and full of waste; unsanitariness was prevalent on every corner and in every room. In such conditions, the infection was developing fast and people caught it easily.
There was not much left of the human population after the plague subsided. It was common to see abandoned property and livestock whose owners were dead. The decline of the farming communities that were the major source of supplies resulted in food shortage. Hunger was the major horrible consequence of the plague. It caused the vanishing of even more people, as if there were not enough lives already taken by the disease. The survivors of villages and towns were forced to move or starve to death. The pandemic ravaged the bastion of the Christian church as many monks and priests died since they cared for the plague's victims. Demographics of the world significantly changed as a result of the plague pandemic.
However, people had to live on after the catastrophe, despite all the devastation and losses. As several times before, humanity had to rebuild the societies and establish order once again. There were certain factors that needed to be taken into consideration when deciding on how to start everything from the point zero. First of all, the issue of food and supplies had to be solved. With the decreased population, the distribution of supplies among the survivors resulted in more food available per person, more available land and lowered land prices. As more land became available for pasturing animals, there was growth in the consumption of both meat and dairy products and an increase in the amount of these products available for sale and export. This unintended reformation played a major role in the rebuilding of European society. Some researchers even point at the possible influence this fact had on the origins of the Renaissance.
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Social media refers to a group of internet based applications that create interactions which enable people to create and share ideas and information in virtual markets and networks. It is mainly dependable on the web and mobile based technologies. Social media has greatly infiltrated into the fabrics of most businesses and professional organizations. The use of social media by organizations and businesses is unprecedented and unequivocal because the benefits are paramount. Social media has been of great impact to communication between organizations and businesses. Social media has greatly revolutionized market research for businesses. It acts as an infinite panel it is providing a clear view into the beliefs, needs, desires and behaviors of millions of people across all consumer segments. This is achieved because the users of social media are increasingly comfortable in expressing themselves. Infinite survey has also been made possible and easier. Marketers can now easily know just about anything in the minds of consumers by using a fixed number of predetermined survey questions. Furthermore, the real time nature of social media enables marketers to test new ideas and get feedback faster. Most important of all, the social media has substantially reduced the market research costs.
Samsung Company has greatly exploited this avenue by using the Facebook platform. They have an official page in Facebook in which they interact with their consumers, in other words, conduct market research.
Communication is now easier and effective courtesy of social media. Businesses can now reach their consumers and discuss constructive issues. The government can also reach its citizens and discuss matters of national interest. The European Commission uses the social network platform to reach out and connect to citizens in addition to communication through the traditional channels.They use the social media in communicating political priorities and campaigns. The Non-Governmental Organizations also use the social media to rally people towards a common cause. The use of social media for communication can be clearly illustrated by McDonald’s which offered $10 and $5 gift cards to about 100 people who had been randomly selected from those visiting their restaurants.. The aftermath of this promotion was an increase in check-ins by 33%, 50 articles and several blog posts, news feeds and twitter messages.
Sales promotions and discounts Businesses can now change promotions in relation to specific users at specific times courtesy of social media.This is an improvement from the past where customers had a tendency of using printed coupons. For a sales promotion via social media to be successful, you should ensure that you offer a special promotion. You should also ensure that you create a custom landing page and create conversations around the product. You should not by all means focus solely on promotional messages. You should mix them in with personalized interaction and also hold contests in the social media. Virgin America used social media when establishing its California-Cancun service.It rewarded clients who checked in via Loopt at one of three Border Grill taco trucks situated in Los Angeles and San Francisco between 11 am and 3 pm on August 31, 2010.
E-Commerce Online purchases have greatly increased due to social media. The integration of social media in e-commerce is referred to as social commerce. This will lead to an increase in your customer base and visibility of the business. A business can also be able to concentrate on a target market. Social media platforms such as Pinterest and Amazon have caused an upward trend in popularity and accessibility of e-commerce. Zappos, which is an online shoe and apparel retailer, has fully embraced social media with several blogs, videos on Youtube, active use of Twitter and share this buttons on its posts to encourage spreading of its content through the social web.
Social media has become the trend in customer service and, in fact, it has made it better. It has ensured that current customers are kept happy and potential customers are shown how well they do their work. The main social media platforms used in this case are Facebook and Twitter. Safaricom is known to be on the forefront in doing this. If you have any queries about their products or a complaint about their service, you just have to tweet them. They will also instantly tweet back. This has led to customer satisfaction as evidenced by their magnanimous market share in Kenya. Training via social media is continuously becoming mandatory for businesses, NGO’s and professional organizations. This form of training has been greatly embraced by PepsiCO, Adidas, HP and Sprint who mainly offer social media literacy training to their employees.
This has increase their performance and productivity. For a social media program to be successful, you should start early and create a branded program for social media. NGOs, such as United Nations, have also embraced the social media in their training programs.
The social media is a tool which should not be ignored at any cost. This is because it is a trend in technology and operations of businesses and professional organizations. Its success is paramount, therefore, more organizations should be encouraged to venture into the use of social media which will lead to an improvement in their productivity
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The aim of legal, safety, and regulatory requirements needed by human resources is to insure workers are treated fairly and equally. The rights of an employee and employer are safeguarded by various national sectors like the Department of Labor and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The department was established by the United States to safeguard employees and employers against unfair acts. Nowadays common sense is termed as prudent and sound judgments based on a straightforward perception of facts or situations. Talking about compassion, it is perceived as compassionate consciousness of the distress that is affecting others together with a wish to alleviate it. The time when common sense was the rule that everyone had to obey in the workplace has elapsed since many regulations, laws, and rules have been altered. The new situation is rather worrying since the society has lost an understanding of common sense.
Today individuals fail to show courtesy and respect with regard to race, disability, or color. Therefore, this illustrates the necessity for the authority to establish an act to assist, regulate or govern the workforce like the Disabilities Act introduced in America. The Act was established and legitimated in 1990 by George Bush, Sr. The Act was meant to assist with a big range of civil rights violations. Hereby, the act forbids employers from denying jobs those employees who are being discriminated or are disabled based on their situation. It also advocates for disabled or discriminated employees in the workforce. Thus, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission implements federal laws that make it unlawful for any employer to discriminate an employee based on color, disability, age, origin, race, or gender. Discrimination plays a major role in employee satisfaction. If workers feels that thay have been discriminated on the basis of any of the above-mentioned issues, they have authorized recourse through the commission. The commission also emphasizes the importance of preventing education and training discrimination.
Rules and regulations are established to safeguard every individual. However, not every regulation or rule fits each individual; therefore, it is crucial to undertake special considerations in certain circumstances. Thus, a manager should be in a position to realize the situation and make best decisions that would provide benefits to employees. Moreover, some decisions are established to safeguard an organization from lawsuits. Individuals within the Department of Human Resources must be aware of regulations and laws introduced by the United States since they are expected to tolerate these rules and laws. Once a worker has signed a contract of employment, a mutual relationship between them and the employer is created. Consequently, both will have to meet obligations and rights the moment they enter into a contract as it explains the terms of the employment relationship.
The Department of Human Resources was formed to insure that the organization attains its objectives to capitalize on investment and to reduce financial risk. Therefore, it offers motivated and well-trained employees, insures proper utilization of human resources, developes general personality of each worker, and insures resolution of employee objectives with those of the business organization. The department has also the duty to follow Equal Opportunity Commission regulations. Talking about the workplace, it is a delicate surrounding with different types of personalities. The distinct feeling of being comfortable and safe forms various challenges at the workplace. Thus, the department assists in establishing a stable surrounding for workers to feel secure and safe and, at the same time, generates a safety net for all workers.
Regulations like the Department of Labor and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission have to some extent eliminated compassion and common sense in the workplace and substituted it with litigation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has substituted individuals perception and replaced it with guidelines and laws for workers to follow, hence eliminating the human element. History has revealed that perception of compassion and common sense is an element that can be altered over time. For example, the Civil Rights Act that was approved in 1996 led to changes in the workplace as concerned with discrimination against race. Thus, the results of these regulations have established a more structured environment, hence balancing the workplace.
The aim of legal, safety, and regulatory requirements needed by human resources is to insure workers are treated fairly and equally. The rights of an employee and employer are safeguarded by various national sectors like the Department of Labor and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The department was established by the United States to safeguard employees and employers against unfair acts. Nowadays common sense is termed as prudent and sound judgments based on a straightforward perception of facts or situations. Talking about compassion, it is perceived as compassionate consciousness of the distress that is affecting others together with a wish to alleviate it. The time when common sense was the rule that everyone had to obey in the workplace has elapsed since many regulations, laws, and rules have been altered. The new situation is rather worrying since the society has lost an understanding of common sense.
Today individuals fail to show courtesy and respect with regard to race, disability, or color. Therefore, this illustrates the necessity for the authority to establish an act to assist, regulate or govern the workforce like the Disabilities Act introduced in America. The Act was established and legitimated in 1990 by George Bush, Sr. The Act was meant to assist with a big range of civil rights violations. Hereby, the act forbids employers from denying jobs those employees who are being discriminated or are disabled based on their situation. It also advocates for disabled or discriminated employees in the workforce. Thus, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission implements federal laws that make it unlawful for any employer to discriminate an employee based on color, disability, age, origin, race, or gender. Discrimination plays a major role in employee satisfaction. If workers feels that thay have been discriminated on the basis of any of the above-mentioned issues, they have authorized recourse through the commission. The commission also emphasizes the importance of preventing education and training discrimination.
Rules and regulations are established to safeguard every individual. However, not every regulation or rule fits each individual; therefore, it is crucial to undertake special considerations in certain circumstances. Thus, a manager should be in a position to realize the situation and make best decisions that would provide benefits to employees. Moreover, some decisions are established to safeguard an organization from lawsuits. Individuals within the Department of Human Resources must be aware of regulations and laws introduced by the United States since they are expected to tolerate these rules and laws. Once a worker has signed a contract of employment, a mutual relationship between them and the employer is created. Consequently, both will have to meet obligations and rights the moment they enter into a contract as it explains the terms of the employment relationship.
The Department of Human Resources was formed to insure that the organization attains its objectives to capitalize on investment and to reduce financial risk. Therefore, it offers motivated and well-trained employees, insures proper utilization of human resources, developes general personality of each worker, and insures resolution of employee objectives with those of the business organization. The department has also the duty to follow Equal Opportunity Commission regulations. Talking about the workplace, it is a delicate surrounding with different types of personalities. The distinct feeling of being comfortable and safe forms various challenges at the workplace. Thus, the department assists in establishing a stable surrounding for workers to feel secure and safe and, at the same time, generates a safety net for all workers.
Regulations like the Department of Labor and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission have to some extent eliminated compassion and common sense in the workplace and substituted it with litigation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has substituted individuals perception and replaced it with guidelines and laws for workers to follow, hence eliminating the human element. History has revealed that perception of compassion and common sense is an element that can be altered over time. For example, the Civil Rights Act that was approved in 1996 led to changes in the workplace as concerned with discrimination against race. Thus, the results of these regulations have established a more structured environment, hence balancing the workplace.
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The problems of gender, sexual orientation, culture, and communication relate to people’s everyday life. They are connected with the way one develops and behaves. They interact and mutually influence one another in the social sphere. None of the categories remains unchangeable both in space and time, because people are free to make a choice whether to accept the norms the society dictates them or not.
The first category is gender. While sex as biological category is evident due to its characteristics, the gender is changeable in behavior according to the influence of the society, the extent of life experience and interrelations with others. These factors bring both masculine and feminine features to people’s actions and manners. Biological sex affects the development of individuality, but it is not decisive for one’s behavior, character, etc. Biology does not specify valuable and abnormal features, qualities, and roles of every gender behavior. These are the aspects defined by the culture. Particular society distinguishes and handles biological alterations differently. Gender varies across cultures, over time within a given culture, over the course of individuals’ life spans, and in relation to the other gender.
Gender or gender role consists of visible expressions. They define the cultural view of a specific society, namely masculine or feminine, through one’s clothes and hairdo. People show gender role in their communication, through the way they speak, react to the addressing of others. Therefore, people behave according to their awareness of sex, gender identity. It depends on culture’s principles, understandings, and individual habits of communication. For example, the current society culture defines masculinity as strong physically and emotionally, determined, successful, sensible. Meanwhile, femininity is defined as pretty, polite, sensitive, cherishing, and caring in relations with other people.
Gender depends upon breeding and society prescriptions. From their childhood, girls receive dolls to learn the role of caring mothers while boys get baseballs to become strong, aimed and assertive. Cultural concepts somewhat influence gender by expecting the special behavior of each sex by the society. The behavior is considered normal, if it meets social views regarding gender standards. At the same time, people are free to make a choice and reject the standards and in this way change cultural interpretations. Now women have rights to vote and study at the universities though it was forbidden several decades ago. Personal communication can also change the values of gender by persuasion, example or advice of people they trust, such as friends. Communication and cultural assessments mutually influence gender awareness.
The second category is culture. It includes traditions and accomplishments of a specific society. The cultural views define right and wrong values, beliefs, and forms of behavior. The gender is crucial to the cultural life and shared through communication. Mass media dictate the correct patterns of behavior and fashion. Communication practices are very effective while creating certain cultural clichés of normal and natural gender images accepted in a particular society.
The third category, namely communication, is a dynamic, systemic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. The culture affects communication as the cultural values and norms create setting for people’s interactions and the way they express the symbolic messages. Communication becomes clear within the situations, in which a particular system of culture is important. Society viewpoints change with time, and the rules of communication between men and women transform accordingly. At the beginning of the previous century, men had to rise when a woman came into a room, otherwise they were considered ill-bred. Culture provides special contexts for people’s communication, while communication expresses social submission of gender.
Interlinked in the social life, the categories of gender, culture, and communication mutually influence one another. Cultural values form gender identity through the means of communication. At the same time, gender identity causes changes in the cultural values and ways of communication depending on time. Communication occurs in the cultural contexts and expresses social ideas of gender. Though society uses these categories to implement certain meaning of what is natural to one’s consciousness, people can form the attitude to its standards that concerns their individuality.
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In 2008, some minors at a high school were found to have mobile phones that had semi-nude pictures of other minors. After the school administrators had brought the issue to the knowledge of the District Prosecutor, the D. A. gave the parents and the children an ultimatum. The minors could either participate in an educational program that sought to educate them about the dangers of child pornography among other things or the District Attorney would charge the concerned students with the felony of child pornography. While the majority of the parents and 16 of the 20 students complied with the directive from the District Attorney's office, three other students and their parents chose to sue the District Attorney insisting that he had infringed on their constitutionally protected rights. This essay seeks to have a brief overview of the case, examine if the case violated any aspects of defamation or privacy law, and, lastly, elucidate on why the court’s decision might have been misinformed.
Legal Issues Raised
The parents of Nancy Doe, Grace Kelly, and Marissa Miller with their children sued the District Attorney alleging that the threat of prosecution devised by the District Attorney violated their First Amendment rights which allows them to express themselves freely. They also alleged the directive from the prosecutor’s office violated their right to be free from compelled expression. Additionally, the parents claimed in the suit that they had a right under the Fourteenth Amendment to direct their children’s upbringing which the ultimatum violated. The suit further questioned if a child could be charged with child pornography when they did not distribute their nude images themselves. In this respect, the parents sought an injunction the District Attorney’s office from prosecuting the three minors as it would have a basis not on probable cause but on retaliation.
Court’s Decision
The court decided that the prosecution was in retaliation for Nancy Doe’s refusal to attend the proposed sessions and a violation of her constitutional rights to be free from any form of compelled speech. Additionally, it ruled that the prosecution violated Jane Doe's right to direct her child's upbringing. The court in its decision, however, failed to discuss the issue if the prosecution broke the minor’s free expression right as a result of appearing in the two photographs. However, the court did assert that the minor’s appearing in the photographs was not the proof that they distributed the photos.
Defamation and Privacy
The case is neither about breach of the privacy of the minors nor does it defame them. While the US Constitution does not explicitly deal with the privacy matters, there are several aspects of the law courts have implied that can be interpreted to provide aspects of the law on privacy. For instance, the Fourth Amendment bars the unreasonable searches of person and his or her private property. Additionally, the Fifth Amendment relates to the protection of personal information. The phones and the photos are the private belongings of the minors. Although the authorities have a probable reason to suspect the minors in using the phones in the propagation of child pornography, the case did not impede any privacy or defamation laws since public interest in stopping child pornography comes ahead of any supposed privacy and defamation concerns. This is the particular case if the minors put the images in public domain by sending them to fellow minors themselves.
Personal Opinion on the Court’s Ruling
The court’s decision that the District Attorney’s office is responsible when choosing to give the minors the option of either attending education on dangers of child pornography or facing a felony prosecution is a decision one can find hard to agree with. When ruling that attending the exercise would have violated Nancy Doe’s right of free speech, the court erred in its thinking. Firstly, this might be construed to mean that self-produced child images that might constitute child pornography are a form of self-expression. All decisions concerning children require the body or the person taking the decision to make it amidst the "best interests of the child." It is hard to envision how this has the best interest of a child in an era where such images could become viral in hours and have lifetime repercussions for the children.
Additionally, the court's assertion that by the District Attorney’s Office requiring the attendance of Nancy Doe in those classes would have constituted a violation of the right of Jane Doe to direct the upbringing of her child brought up the enigma of what the society should prioritize: the right of the parent to raise a child according to his or her moral principles fit or the right of the children to grow up in a safe atmosphere free from any potential harm.
The essay has overviewed the Miller v. Mitchell including the decision of the court. In the case, the court decided that the District Attorney is liable for the minor's freedoms breach. Additionally, the court ruled that this would have violated the right of the minors' parents to direct their children's upbringing. Concerning privacy and defamation, the case did not break any of those freedoms as it is the public's right to be rid of child pornography trumps the right of the minors to use their phones and images freely. Lastly, the decision of the court may have been misinformed because it is prone to abuse.
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